Everything Science Grade 11 Physical Science – This can be taken as a helpful pdf ebook or good class notes covering physical science topics for class 11. As the book preface says: “Everything Science is not just a Science textbook. It has everything you expect from your regular printed school textbook but comes with a whole lot more. For a start, you can download or read it online on your mobile phone, computer, or iPad, which means you have the convenience of accessing it wherever you are.”
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Grade 11 Physical Science by Everything Science | eBook PDF | Class Notes
Here is the embedded eBook in PDF format. Good as a reference book or ready class notes.
Content of the eBook [ Chemistry + Physics]
I – Chemistry
1 Atomic Combinations 4
1.1 Why do atoms bond? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Energy and bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 What happens when atoms bond? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Lewis notation and molecular structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Electronegativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Ionic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Metallic bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.9 Writing chemical formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.10 The Shape of Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.11 Oxidation numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Intermolecular Forces 36
2.1 Types of Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 Understanding intermolecular forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3 Intermolecular forces in liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 Solutions and solubility 45
3.1 Types of solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Forces and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Atomic Nuclei 51
4.1 Nuclear structure and stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2 The Discovery of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 Radioactivity and Types of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Sources of radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5 The ’half-life’ of an element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.6 The Dangers of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.7 The Uses of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.8 Nuclear Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.9 Nuclear Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.10 Nucleosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5 Thermal Properties and Ideal Gases 70
5.1 A review of the kinetic theory of matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.2 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and volume of an enclosed gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.3 Charles’ Law: Volume and Temperature of an enclosed gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.4 The relationship between temperature and pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.5 The general gas equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.6 The ideal gas equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.7 Molar volume of gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.8 Ideal gases and non-ideal gas behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6 Quantitative Aspects of Chemical Change 98
6.1 The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.2 Molar Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.3 An equation to calculate moles and mass in chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.4 Molecules and compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.5 The Composition of Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.6 Molar Volumes of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.7 Molar concentrations of liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.8 Stoichiometric calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7 Energy Changes In Chemical Reactions 125
7.1 What causes the energy changes in chemical reactions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.2 Exothermic and endothermic reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.3 The heat of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.4 Examples of endothermic and exothermic reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.5 Spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.6 Activation energy and the activated complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8 Types of Reactions 137
8.1 Acid-base reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2 Redox reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.3 Addition, substitution and elimination reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9 The Lithosphere 155
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.2 The chemistry of the earth’s crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
9.3 A brief history of mineral use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.4 Energy resources and their uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.5 Mining and Mineral Processing: Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.6 Mining and mineral processing: Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
9.7 Mining and mineral processing: Phosphates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.8 Energy resources and their uses: Coal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
9.9 Energy resources and their uses: Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.10 Alternative energy resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
10 The Atmosphere 180
10.1 The composition of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
10.2 The structure of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
10.3 Greenhouse gases and global warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
II – Physics
11 Vectors 195
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
11.2 Scalars and Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
11.3 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
11.4 Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
11.5 Drawing Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
11.6 Mathematical Properties of Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
11.7 Techniques of Vector Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
11.8 Components of Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
12 Force, Momentum and Impulse 227
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
12.2 Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
12.3 Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
12.4 Forces between Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
12.5 Momentum and Impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
12.6 Torque and Levers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
13 Geometrical Optics 326
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
13.2 Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
13.3 The Human Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
13.4 Telescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
13.5 Microscopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
14 Longitudinal Waves 353
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
14.2 What is a longitudinal wave? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
14.3 Characteristics of Longitudinal Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
14.4 Graphs of Particle Position, Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . 358
14.5 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
14.6 Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
15 Sound 363
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
15.2 Characteristics of a Sound Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
15.3 Speed of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
15.4 Physics of the Ear and Hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
15.5 Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
15.6 SONAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
16 The Physics of Music 374
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
16.2 Standing Waves in String Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
16.3 Standing Waves in Wind Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
16.4 Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
16.5 Music and Sound Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
17 Electrostatics 390
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
17.2 Forces between charges – Coulomb’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
17.3 Electric field around charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
17.4 Electrical potential energy and potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
17.5 Capacitance and the parallel plate capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
17.6 A capacitor as a circuit device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
18 Electromagnetism 420
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
18.2 Magnetic field associated with a current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
18.3 Current induced by a changing magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
18.4 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
18.5 Motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
19 Electric Circuits 437
19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
19.2 Ohm’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
19.3 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
19.4 Series and parallel networks of resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
19.5 Wheatstone bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
20 Electronic Properties of Matter 460
20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
20.2 Conduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
20.3 Intrinsic Properties and Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
20.4 The p-n junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
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