Everything Science Grade 10 Physical Science – This can be taken as a helpful pdf ebook or good class notes covering physical science topics for class 10.
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Grade 10 Physical Science by Everything Science | eBook PDF | Class Notes
Here is the embedded eBook in PDF format. Good as a reference book or ready class notes.
Content of the eBook [ class 10 physical science]
1 Skills for science 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Mathematical skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Skills in the laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5 Hazard signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Classification of matter 23
2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3 Pure substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Names and formulae of substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Metals, Metalloids and Non-metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6 Electrical conductors, semi-conductors and insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7 Thermal Conductors and Insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.8 Magnetic and Non-magnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 States of matter and the kinetic molecular theory 55
3.1 States of matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 The kinetic molecular theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4 The atom 63
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 Models of the atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3 Atomic mass and diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 Structure of the atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.5 Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.6 Electronic configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5 The periodic table 95
5.1 The arrangement of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.2 Chemical properties of the groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6 Chemical bonding 105
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.2 Lewis structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.3 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
i6.4 Ionic bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.5 Metallic Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.6 Writing formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7 Transverse pulses 124
7.1 Introduction and key concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.2 Pulses: amplitude and length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.3 Superposition of pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8 Transverse waves 139
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.2 What is a transverse wave? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.3 Crests and troughs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
8.4 Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.5 Points in phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.6 Period and frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.7 Speed of a transverse wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9 Longitudinal waves 157
9.1 Introduction and key concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.2 Compression and rarefaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.3 Wavelength and amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.4 Period and frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.5 Speed of a longitudinal wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10 Sound 166
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
10.2 Speed of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.3 Characteristics of a sound wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
10.4 Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
11 Electromagnetic radiation 186
11.1 What is electromagnetic radiation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
11.2 Wave-like nature of EM radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11.3 Electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
11.4 Penetrating ability of EM radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
11.5 Particle-like nature of EM radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
12 The particles that substances are made of 203
12.1 Atoms and compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
13 Physical and chemical change 213
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
13.2 Conservation of atoms and mass in reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
13.3 Law of constant composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
14 Representing chemical change 230
i14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
14.2 Balancing chemical equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
15 Magnetism 245
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
15.2 The compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
16 Electrostatics 259
16.1 Introduction and key concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
16.2 Two kinds of charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
16.3 Conservation of charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
16.4 Quantisation of charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
17 Electric circuits 280
17.1 Potential difference and emf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
17.2 Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
17.3 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
17.4 Series resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
17.5 Parallel resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
18 Reactions in aqueous solution 314
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
18.2 Ions in aqueous solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
18.3 Electrolytes, ionisation and conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
18.4 Precipitation reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
18.5 Other types of reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
19 Quantitative aspects of chemical change 332
19.1 Atomic mass and the mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
19.2 Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
19.3 Amount of substance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
19.4 Stoichiometric calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
20 Vectors and scalars 364
20.1 Introduction to vectors and scalars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
20.2 Properties of vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
20.3 Techniques of vector addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
21 Motion in one dimension 387
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
21.2 Reference frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
21.3 Speed and velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
21.4 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
21.5 Instantaneous velocity and speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
21.6 Description of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
21.7 Equations of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
iii22 Mechanical energy 443
22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
22.2 Potential energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
22.3 Kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
22.4 Mechanical energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
22.5 Conservation of mechanical energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
23 The hydrosphere 470
23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
23.2 Interactions of the hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
23.3 Exploring the hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
23.4 The importance of the hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
23.5 Threats to the hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
23.6 How pure is our water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
24 Units used in the book 481
24.1 Quantities used in the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
25 Exercise solutions 484
25.1 Science skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
25.2 Classification of matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
25.3 States of matter and the KMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
25.4 The atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
25.5 The periodic table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
25.6 Chemical bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
25.7 Transverse pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
25.8 Transverse waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
25.9 Longitudinal waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
25.10 Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
25.11 EM radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
25.12 The particles that substances are made of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
25.13 Physical and chemical change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
25.14 Representing chemical change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
25.15 Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
25.16 Electrostatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
25.17 Electric circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
25.18 Reactions in aqueous solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
25.19 Quantitative aspects of chemical change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
25.20 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
25.21 Motion in one dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
25.22 Mechanical energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
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